Study Questions Exam II
Domain Bacteria
1. Describe Deinococcus radiodurans. What can it survive and WHY can it survive?
2. Describe the three shapes that prokaryotes can have.
3. How is the cell wall of a bacterium unique with respect to the other 2 domains?
4. Describe how gram-staining works? Who developed it?
5. A bacteria stains purple it is negative or positive?
6. Describe and be able to label the two types of bacteria cell walls. Just get the layers correct!
7. What type of bacteria is endotoxic? What part of the bacteria makes the endotoxin?
8. What part of the cell wall do many antibiotics attack?
8a. What is one bacterial genus that Karl Stetter discovered?
8b. Where is the newest member of Euryarcheota found? (if you missed class yoou'll have to Google it!)
8c. Is it possible (although not likely) that Deinococcus came from Mars?
9. What's a capsule and what is it good for?
10. What's a fimbria, what's a pilus?
11. What is taxis? Describe 2 types.
12. Label the flagella mechanism of a bacteria and describe how it works.
13. What are two types of interior membranes that can be found in some bacteria. What do they do?
14. Describe the two types of DNA in a bacterium.
15. How does plasmid cloning work?
16. What is binary fission?
17. bacterial generation times are about how
long?
18. What's an endospore? How can you kill it!?
18b. Why can bacterial populations adapt so rapidly?
19. Describe Cooper and Lenski's experiment. Are the bacterial individuals getting stronger?
19a. What is so important about bacteria's ability to reproduce rapidly?
19b. Where did the variation come from in Cooper and Lenski's populations?
19c. What is recombination and why is it important?
19d. Describe Griffith's 1928 experiment. What process did he discover?
20. Describe and compare conjugation (both plasmid and
chromosomal), transformation, transduction. What do these three things
accomplish? (we will get to conjugation and transduction Monday!)
21. What are four ways that bacteria generate so much genetic diversity? (think 3 recombos + something else)
22. About how many mutations occur in your E. coli fauna everyday?
23. What is the F-factor?
24. What is an R-plasmid?
25. What is an Hfr cell?
26. What are the 4 major nutritional modes? Describe them and give one example of each.
27. Describe the three bacterial modes concerning oxygen use/tolerance.
28. What is nitrogen fixation?
29. Give an exmple of a nitrogen fixing bacteria and where it lives.
30. What's a heterocyte?
31. What's a biofilm?
32. About how many bacterial species in a handful of soil?
33. What has been the impact of molecular systematics on microbiology?
34. What are the 5 major groups of bacteria?
35. From the chart:
(Yes or no for Bacteria)
Nuclear envelope?
Membrane-enclosed organelles?
Peptidoglycan in cell walls?
Inhibited by streptomycin or chloramphenicol?
Circular chromosome?
Can grow in 100 deg. C?
36. Why is Thermus aquaticus an importnat bactyerium to scientists?
37. What are the 5 subgroups of proteobacteria?
38. Where did you mitochondria come from?
39. Where did chloroplasts come from?
40. Why are alpha protobacteria important to plants (and us)?
41. Salmonella, Legionaire's disease, and cholora are all examples of diseases cause by what type of Proteobacteria?
41. E. coli is a___________ type of Proteobacteria.
42. ______________ proteobacteria form fruiting bodies.
43. Chlamydia is the number 1 cause of ___________ and the #1 STD? Can it cause infertility?
45. Cyanobacteria make energy by the process of __________________.
46. Why are cyanobacteria considered so important?
47. What was the Great Oxygen Event? When did it happen?
48. Name 4 diseases caused by Gram Positive bacteria.
49. WHY are they gram POSITIVE?
50. Why are actinomycetes important?
51. ______are the smallest cells.
EUKARYOTES
52-57 Skip these numbers!
58. What is a eukaryote?
59. What are the five major eukaryote groups?
60. What are the three nutritional strategies of eukaryotes?
61. Describe the three different sexular reproduction cycles? What are the main differences and who does which?
62. Describe primary endosymbiosis of plastids. What two groups arose this way?
63. Describe secondary endosymbiosis. What 3 groups arose this way? How do we know it was secondary?
64. Why is protista a grade and not a clade? Why does it matter?
65. What are the 3 groups within the Excavata?
66. Describe the characteristics of these three groups, give one
example of an organism (genus) from each excavate group and any
diseases that they may cause.
67. What basic properties do the excavates share?
68. If an excavate has a plastid, where did it originate?
69. Why don't all excavates have plastids? Their ancestors used to have them, so what must have happened?
70. What is the main distinguising feature of a Euglenozoan?
71. What two groups are make up the Euglenozoa?
72. What two diseases are cause by Trypanosoma infections?
73. What 2 groups make up the Chromalveolates?
74. What distinguishes alveolates? What is that for? : )
74b. What bacteria are killing koalas?
75. Dinoflagellates gain nutrition by either being_____________ or _____________.
76. Dinoflagellates release toxins and blooms may result in_____________.
77. Malaria is caused by the apicomplexan, ___________________.
78. About how many people die from malaria each year?
79. T or F Humans have evolved in response to malaria?
80. Where do merozoites develop in your body? Gametocytes?
81. Sporozoites develop within a vector, the ________________.
82. Ciliates have cilia and two types of nuclei, ______________ and ____________.
83. How do paramecia become recombinant?
84. How do they reproduce?
85. Stramenopiles are characterized by what type/s of flagella?
85b. Why might Mickey Mouse like the smell of cat urine?
86. Diatoms have skeletons made of hydrated _________.
87. Golden algae get their color from yellow and brown ____________.
88. Some golden algae are _______________ in addition to being autotrophic.
89. An example of brown algae is ________.
90. Are brown algae (protists) multicellular?
90a. How much can a brown algae grow in one day?
91. What are the three parts of a brown algae and what do they do?
92. Oomycetes are commonly called __________molds.
93. The most famous outbreak of oomycetes caused the ___________________.
94. Forams and radiolarians are examples of __________.
95. What is a test (forams)?
96. T or F: Kelp is more closely related to Plasmodium (malaria) than it is to a plant.
97. 20% of all limestone is made of the tests of_____________.
98. What is one of Dr. Groves' hypotheses that might explain why forams had a big radiation in the past?